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<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> 概述 </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="value_category.html" title="cpp/language/value category"> 值类别</a>（左值 lvalue、右值 rvalue、亡值 xvalue）</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="eval_order.html" title="cpp/language/eval order"> 求值顺序</a>（序列点）</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="constant_expression.html" title="cpp/language/constant expression"> 常量表达式</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="expressions.html#.E4.B8.8D.E6.B1.82.E5.80.BC.E8.A1.A8.E8.BE.BE.E5.BC.8F" title="cpp/language/expressions"> 不求值表达式</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="expressions.html#.E5.88.9D.E7.AD.89.E8.A1.A8.E8.BE.BE.E5.BC.8F" title="cpp/language/expressions"> 初等表达式</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="lambda.html" title="cpp/language/lambda">lambda 表达式</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> 字面量 </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="integer_literal.html" title="cpp/language/integer literal">整数字面量</a></td></tr>
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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="bool_literal.html" title="cpp/language/bool literal">布尔字面量</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="character_literal.html" title="cpp/language/character literal">字符字面量</a>，包含<a href="escape.html" title="cpp/language/escape">转义序列</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="string_literal.html" title="cpp/language/string literal">字符串字面量</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="nullptr.html" title="cpp/language/nullptr">空指针字面量</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="user_literal.html" title="cpp/language/user literal">用户定义字面量</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> 运算符 </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_assignment.html" title="cpp/language/operator assignment"> 赋值运算符</a>:
<code>a=b</code>, <code>a+=b</code>, <code>a-=b</code>, <code>a*=b</code>, <code>a/=b</code>, <code>a%=b</code>, <code>a&amp;=b</code>, <code>a|=b</code>, <code>a^=b</code>, <code>a&lt;&lt;=b</code>, <code>a&gt;&gt;=b</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_incdec.html" title="cpp/language/operator incdec"> 自增与自减</a>: <code>++a</code>, <code>--a</code>, <code>a++</code>, <code>a--</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_arithmetic.html" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic"> 算术运算符</a>:
<code>+a</code>, <code>-a</code>, <code>a+b</code>, <code>a-b</code>, <code>a*b</code>, <code>a/b</code>, <code>a%b</code>, <code>~a</code>, <code>a&amp;b</code>, <code>a|b</code>, <code>a^b</code>, <code>a&lt;&lt;b</code>, <code>a&gt;&gt;b</code> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_logical.html" title="cpp/language/operator logical"> 逻辑运算符</a>: <code>a||b</code>, <code>a&amp;&amp;b</code>, <code>!a</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_comparison.html" title="cpp/language/operator comparison"> 比较运算符</a>: <code>a==b</code>, <code>a!=b</code>, <code>a&lt;b</code>, <code>a&gt;b</code>, <code>a&lt;=b</code>, <code>a&gt;=b</code>, <code>a&lt;=&gt;b</code><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_member_access.html" title="cpp/language/operator member access"> 成员访问运算符</a>: <code>a[b]</code>, <code>*a</code>, <code>&amp;a</code>, <code>a-&gt;b</code>, <code>a.b</code>, <code>a-&gt;*b</code>, <code>a.*b</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_other.html" title="cpp/language/operator other"> 其他运算符</a>: <code>a(...)</code>, <code>a,b</code>, <code>a?b:c</code> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="default_comparisons.html" title="cpp/language/default comparisons">默认比较</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <strong class="selflink">运算符的代用表示</strong></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_precedence.html" title="cpp/language/operator precedence">优先级和结合性</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="fold.html" title="cpp/language/fold">折叠表达式</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="new.html" title="cpp/language/new">new 表达式</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="delete.html" title="cpp/language/delete">delete 表达式</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="throw.html" title="cpp/language/throw">throw 表达式</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="alignof.html" title="cpp/language/alignof">alignof</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="sizeof.html" title="cpp/language/sizeof">sizeof</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="sizeof....html" title="cpp/language/sizeof...">sizeof...</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="typeid.html" title="cpp/language/typeid">typeid</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="noexcept.html" title="cpp/language/noexcept">noexcept</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operators.html" title="cpp/language/operators">运算符重载</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> 类型转换 </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="implicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/implicit conversion">隐式转换</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast">const_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="static_cast.html" title="cpp/language/static cast">static_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="reinterpret_cast.html" title="cpp/language/reinterpret cast">reinterpret_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="dynamic_cast.html" title="cpp/language/dynamic cast">dynamic_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="explicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/explicit cast">显式转换</a> <code>(T)a</code>, <code>T(a)</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="cast_operator.html" title="cpp/language/cast operator">用户定义转换</a></td></tr>
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<p>C++（及 C）源代码可以用任何包含 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_646" class="extiw" title="enwiki:ISO 646">ISO 646:1983</a> 不变字符集的非 ASCII 7 位字符集书写。然而，一些 C++ 运算符及标点要求 ISO 646 编码集外的字符：<code>{, }、[, ]、#、\、^、|、~</code>。为了能够使用不存在一些或全部这些符号的字符编码（例如德语 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIN_66003">DIN 66003</a>），C++ 定义下列由 ISO 646 兼容字符组成的代用写法。
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id=".E4.BB.A3.E7.94.A8.E8.AE.B0.E5.8F.B7">代用记号</span></h2>
<p>几个使用非 ISO-646 字符的运算符和其他记号都有代用拼写。在语言的所有方面，各个代用拼写都严格与其首选记号的表现相同，除了其拼写（<a href="../preprocessor/replace.html" title="cpp/preprocessor/replace">字符串化运算符</a>能使拼写可见）。双字母代用记号有时被称为“双标符 (digraphs)”。
</p>
<table class="wikitable">

<tr>
<th> 首选
</th>
<th> 代用
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>&amp;&amp;</code>
</td>
<td> <code>and</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>&amp;=</code>
</td>
<td> <code>and_eq</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>&amp;</code>
</td>
<td> <code>bitand</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>|</code>
</td>
<td> <code>bitor</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>~</code>
</td>
<td> <code>compl</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>!</code>
</td>
<td> <code>not</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>!=</code>
</td>
<td> <code>not_eq</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>||
</td>
<td>or
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>|=</code>
</td>
<td> <code>or_eq</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>^</code>
</td>
<td> <code>xor</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>^=</code>
</td>
<td> <code>xor_eq</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>{</code> </td>
<td> <code>&lt;%</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>} </code> </td>
<td> <code>%&gt;</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>[</code> </td>
<td> <code>&lt;:</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>]</code> </td>
<td> <code>:&gt;</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>#</code> </td>
<td> <code>%:</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>##</code> </td>
<td> <code>%:%:</code>
</td></tr></table>
 <table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11"><td>
<p>当分析器遇到字符序列 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="sy4">::</span></span></span>，且后继字符既非 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy4">:</span></span></span> 亦非 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy1">&gt;</span></span></span> 时，<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy1">&lt;</span></span></span> 被当做预处理记号本身，而非代用记号 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="sy4">:</span></span></span>。从而 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><a href="../container/vector.html"><span class="kw1269">std::<span class="me2">vector</span></span></a><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="sy4">::</span><a href="../string/basic_string.html"><span class="kw1230">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a><span class="sy1">&gt;</span></span></span> 不会被错误地处理成 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><a href="../container/vector.html"><span class="kw1269">std::<span class="me2">vector</span></span></a><span class="br0">[</span><span class="sy4">:</span><a href="../string/basic_string.html"><span class="kw1230">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a><span class="sy1">&gt;</span></span></span>。
</p>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id=".E6.B3.A8.E8.A7.A3">注解</span></h4>
<p>字符 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy3">&amp;</span></span></span> 及 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy3">!</span></span></span> 在 ISO-646 下不变，但仍然为使用这些字符的记号提供了代用写法，以便能够适应更加受限的历史字符集。
</p><p>没有相等运算符的代用拼写 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy1">==</span></span></span> 如 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">eq</span></span>），因为字符 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy1">=</span></span></span> 已在所有受支持字符集中存在。
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E4.B8.8E_C_.E7.9A.84.E5.85.BC.E5.AE.B9.E6.80.A7">与 C 的兼容性</span></h3>
<p>C 编程语言中，同样的单词作为宏定义于包含文件 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy1">&lt;</span>iso646.<span class="me1">h</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span></span></span> 之中。因为 C++ 中它们内建于语言，故 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy1">&lt;</span>iso646.<span class="me1">h</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span></span></span> 的 C++ 版本还有 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy1">&lt;</span>ciso646<span class="sy1">&gt;</span></span></span> 不定义任何内容。
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id=".E4.B8.89.E6.A0.87.E7.AC.A6_.28C.2B.2B17_.E4.B8.AD.E7.A7.BB.E9.99.A4.29">三标符 <span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx17">(C++17 中移除)</span></span></h2>
<p>下列三字符组（三标符，trigraph）在<a href="translation_phases.html" title="cpp/language/translation phases">辨识注释和字符串字面量之前被分析</a>，而三标符的每次出现被替换为对应的首选字符：
</p>
<table class="wikitable">

<tr style="text-align: left;">
<th> 首选
</th>
<th> 三标符
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>{</code> </td>
<td> <code>??&lt;</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code></code>} </td>
<td> <code>??&gt;</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>[</code> </td>
<td> <code>??(</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>]</code> </td>
<td> <code>??)</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>#</code> </td>
<td> <code>??=</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>\</code> </td>
<td> <code>??/</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>^</code> </td>
<td> <code>??'</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>|</code> </td>
<td> <code>??!</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>~</code> </td>
<td> <code>??-</code>
</td></tr></table>
<p>因为三标符的处理非常早，所以如 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="co1">// Will the next line be executed?????/</span></span></span> 这样的注释实际上会注释掉下一行，而如 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">"Enter date ??/??/??"</span></span></span> 这样的字符串字面量将被分析为 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">"Enter date <span class="es1">\\</span>??"</span></span></span>。
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.85.B3.E9.94.AE.E8.AF.8D">关键词</span></h3>
<p><a href="../keyword/and.html" title="cpp/keyword/and"><tt>and</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/and_eq.html" title="cpp/keyword/and eq"><tt>and_eq</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/bitand.html" title="cpp/keyword/bitand"><tt>bitand</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/bitor.html" title="cpp/keyword/bitor"><tt>bitor</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/compl.html" title="cpp/keyword/compl"><tt>compl</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/not.html" title="cpp/keyword/not"><tt>not</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/not_eq.html" title="cpp/keyword/not eq"><tt>not_eq</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/or.html" title="cpp/keyword/or"><tt>or</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/or_eq.html" title="cpp/keyword/or eq"><tt>or_eq</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/xor.html" title="cpp/keyword/xor"><tt>xor</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/xor_eq.html" title="cpp/keyword/xor eq"><tt>xor_eq</tt></a>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E7.A4.BA.E4.BE.8B">示例</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><p>下列示例演示各种代用记号的使用。</p><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">运行此代码</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy4">:</span>include <span class="sy1">&lt;</span>iostream<span class="sy1">&gt;</span>
 
<span class="kw1">struct</span> X
<span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="sy2">%</span>
    compl X<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="sy2">%%</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span> <span class="co1">// 析构函数</span>
    X<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="sy2">%%</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span>
    X<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> X bitand<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> delete<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 复制构造函数</span>
 
    <span class="kw4">bool</span> operator not_eq<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> X bitand other<span class="br0">)</span>
    <span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="sy2">%</span>
       <span class="kw1">return</span> this not_eq bitand other<span class="sy4">;</span>
    <span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span>
<span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> argc, <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> argv<span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="sy4">::</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span><span class="br0">)</span> 
<span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="sy2">%</span>
    <span class="co1">// 带引用捕获的 lambda</span>
    <span class="kw4">auto</span> greet <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="sy4">:</span>bitand<span class="sy4">:</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> name<span class="br0">)</span>
    <span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="sy2">%</span>
        <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1758">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">"Hello "</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> name
                  <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">" from "</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> argv<span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="sy4">:</span><span class="nu0">0</span><span class="sy4">:</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    <span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
    <span class="kw1">if</span> <span class="br0">(</span>argc <span class="sy1">&gt;</span> <span class="nu0">1</span> and argv<span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="sy4">:</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">:</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span> not_eq nullptr<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="sy2">%</span>
        greet<span class="br0">(</span>argv<span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="sy4">:</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">:</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    <span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span>
<span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span></pre></div></div>
<p><br> 
</p>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.8F.82.E9.98.85">参阅</span></h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">

</table>

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